Acasă CUFR (Consultană Universitară, Studii & Cercetări, Franco - Română) Protejat: Cours Prépa (CPGE – MPSI – 3). Subiecte de fizică specială...
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Protejat: Cours Prépa (CPGE – MPSI – 3). Subiecte de fizică specială pregătitoare pentru concursurile de admitere în sistemul (ultra)elitist al școlilor superioare franceze de înalte studii inginerești (Grandes écoles d’ingénieurs). Optică geometrică – „Obiectivul fotocopiatorului”, „Teleobiectivul aparatului fotografic”, „Curcubeul”
 prior to admission. Most Grandes écoles are publicly funded and therefore have limited tuition costs. Some grandes écoles, especially business school (Écoles de Commerce), are organised privately, and therefore have more costly tuitions.The term Grande école originated in 1794 after the French Revolution, when the National Convention created the École normale supérieure, the mathematician Gaspard Monge and Lazare Carnot created the École centrale des travaux publics (later École Polytechnique), and the abbot Henri Grégoire created the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers.The model was probably the military academy at Mézières, of which Monge was an alumnus. The system of competitive entry was used as a means to open up higher education to more candidates based on merit. Some schools included in the category have roots in the 17th and 18th centuries and are older than the term Grande école, which dates to 1794. Their forerunners were schools aimed at graduating civil servants, such as technical officers (Ecole d'Arts et Métiers, renamed Arts et Métiers ParisTech, established in 1780), mine supervisors (École des mines de Paris established in 1783), bridge and road engineers (École royale des ponts et chaussées established in 1747), and shipbuilding engineers (École des ingénieurs-constructeurs des vaisseaux royaux established in 1741).Five military engineering academies and graduate schools of artillery were established in the 17th century in France, such as the Ecole de l'artillerie de Douai (established in 1697) and the later école du génie de Mézières (established in 1748), wherein mathematics, chemistry and sciences were already a major part of the curriculum taught by first-rank scientists such as Pierre-Simon Laplace, Charles Étienne Louis Camus, Étienne Bézout, Sylvestre-François Lacroix, Siméon Denis Poisson, Gaspard Monge (most of whom were later to form the teaching corps of École Polytechnique during the Napoleonic era).In 1802, Napoleon created the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, which is also considered a grande école, although it trains only army officers. During the 19th century, a number of higher-education grandes écoles were established to support industry and commerce, such as École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne in 1816, Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Paris (today ESCP Business School, founded in 1819), L'institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement (Agro ParisTech) in 1826, and École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures (École Centrale Paris) in 1829.){kind=link}